CLASS 4: DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY
PREAMBLE: MORE DEFINITIONS
Negative definition of “derivational”: Suffixes that are not inflectional must be derivational.
The base is a partially complete word form to which a suffix attaches.
• one result is an inflected word form, the other a new lexeme (derivational)
• the base for an affixation process is what remains when an affix is removed
word class (C-McC) = part of speech (traditional) = lexical category (generative)
DERIVATIONS: THE BASICS
Derivational morphology deals with word formation (often resulting in a new word class):
(1) a.
b.
c.
d.
happy, unhappy, happiness, unhappiness
care, careless, carelessness, *carenessless
educate, education; generate, generation
custom, customize, customization
Affixes attach to roots or stems and form new words; better to say: they attach to bases.
Sometimes we may not see an overt morpheme (zero-derivation). This is called conversion:
(2) cut (N) – cut (V); fish (N) – fish (V)
Morphemes seem to come in a fixed order, so for example we have prefixes, suffixes etc.
However, they also seem to care what they attach to:
(3) a.
b.
c.
d.
quick – quickly; soft – softly; care – *carely
quick – quickness; soft – softness; care – *careness
care – careless – carelessness (*quickless, *softless)
joy – enjoy; danger – endanger
-ly:
-ness:
-less:
en-:
Adj Adv
Adj N
N Adj
N V
So -ly attaches to adjectives and forms adverbs, -ness attaches to adjectives and forms nouns, en-
attaches to nouns and gives us verbs. In all the above examples the meaning of the whole is
determined by the meaning of the parts, compositionality (but this is not always the case...).
(4) a.
•N
•X
•A
•X
•V
•X
amuse – amusement, enjoy – enjoyment
b.
cure – curable – incurable
N: ‘small X’, ‘female X’, inhabitant of X’, ‘state of being an X’, ‘devotee of/expert on X’
N: -ity, -ness, -ism — -ance/ence, -ment, -ing, -ion/tion/ation, -al, -er — stress, final C, V
A: un- + -able, -ful (English/Germanic) — in- + -ible, -al (Latinate/Romance)
A: passive/participle -ed, -en, -ing (test: very) — -able, -ent/ant, -ive — -ful, -less, -al, -ish
V: re-, un-, de-, dis- (all through prefixation!) — V-change: transitivity (causativity)
V: de-, -ise/ize, -fy/ify — final voicing/V-change — en-/em- (plus others, e.g. -en)
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DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY
CLASS 4: DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY
PREAMBLE: MORE DEFINITIONS
Negative definition of “derivational”: Suffixes that are not inflectional must be derivational.
The base is a partially complete word form to which a suffix attaches.
• one result is an inflected word form, the other a new lexeme (derivational)
• the base for an affixation process is what remains when an affix is removed
word class (C-McC) = part of speech (traditional) = lexical category (generative)
DERIVATIONS: THE BASICS
Derivational morphology deals with word formation (often resulting in a new word class):
(1) a.
b.
c.
d.
happy, unhappy, happiness, unhappiness
care, careless, carelessness, *carenessless
educate, education; generate, generation
custom, customize, customization
Affixes attach to roots or stems and form new words; better to say: they attach to bases.
Sometimes we may not see an overt morpheme (zero-derivation). This is called conversion:
(2) cut (N) – cut (V); fish (N) – fish (V)
Morphemes seem to come in a fixed order, so for example we have prefixes, suffixes etc.
However, they also seem to care what they attach to:
(3) a.
b.
c.
d.
quick – quickly; soft – softly; care – *carely
quick – quickness; soft – softness; care – *careness
care – careless – carelessness (*quickless, *softless)
joy – enjoy; danger – endanger
-ly:
-ness:
-less:
en-:
Adj Adv
Adj N
N Adj
N V
So -ly attaches to adjectives and forms adverbs, -ness attaches to adjectives and forms nouns, en-
attaches to nouns and gives us verbs. In all the above examples the meaning of the whole is
determined by the meaning of the parts, compositionality (but this is not always the case...).
(4) a.
•N
•X
•A
•X
•V
•X
amuse – amusement, enjoy – enjoyment
b.
cure – curable – incurable
N: ‘small X’, ‘female X’, inhabitant of X’, ‘state of being an X’, ‘devotee of/expert on X’
N: -ity, -ness, -ism — -ance/ence, -ment, -ing, -ion/tion/ation, -al, -er — stress, final C, V
A: un- + -able, -ful (English/Germanic) — in- + -ible, -al (Latinate/Romance)
A: passive/participle -ed, -en, -ing (test: very) — -able, -ent/ant, -ive — -ful, -less, -al, -ish
V: re-, un-, de-, dis- (all through prefixation!) — V-change: transitivity (causativity)
V: de-, -ise/ize, -fy/ify — final voicing/V-change — en-/em- (plus others, e.g. -en)
PREAMBLE: MORE DEFINITIONS
Negative definition of “derivational”: Suffixes that are not inflectional must be derivational.
The base is a partially complete word form to which a suffix attaches.
• one result is an inflected word form, the other a new lexeme (derivational)
• the base for an affixation process is what remains when an affix is removed
word class (C-McC) = part of speech (traditional) = lexical category (generative)
DERIVATIONS: THE BASICS
Derivational morphology deals with word formation (often resulting in a new word class):
(1) a.
b.
c.
d.
happy, unhappy, happiness, unhappiness
care, careless, carelessness, *carenessless
educate, education; generate, generation
custom, customize, customization
Affixes attach to roots or stems and form new words; better to say: they attach to bases.
Sometimes we may not see an overt morpheme (zero-derivation). This is called conversion:
(2) cut (N) – cut (V); fish (N) – fish (V)
Morphemes seem to come in a fixed order, so for example we have prefixes, suffixes etc.
However, they also seem to care what they attach to:
(3) a.
b.
c.
d.
quick – quickly; soft – softly; care – *carely
quick – quickness; soft – softness; care – *careness
care – careless – carelessness (*quickless, *softless)
joy – enjoy; danger – endanger
-ly:
-ness:
-less:
en-:
Adj Adv
Adj N
N Adj
N V
So -ly attaches to adjectives and forms adverbs, -ness attaches to adjectives and forms nouns, en-
attaches to nouns and gives us verbs. In all the above examples the meaning of the whole is
determined by the meaning of the parts, compositionality (but this is not always the case...).
(4) a.
•N
•X
•A
•X
•V
•X
amuse – amusement, enjoy – enjoyment
b.
cure – curable – incurable
N: ‘small X’, ‘female X’, inhabitant of X’, ‘state of being an X’, ‘devotee of/expert on X’
N: -ity, -ness, -ism — -ance/ence, -ment, -ing, -ion/tion/ation, -al, -er — stress, final C, V
A: un- + -able, -ful (English/Germanic) — in- + -ible, -al (Latinate/Romance)
A: passive/participle -ed, -en, -ing (test: very) — -able, -ent/ant, -ive — -ful, -less, -al, -ish
V: re-, un-, de-, dis- (all through prefixation!) — V-change: transitivity (causativity)
V: de-, -ise/ize, -fy/ify — final voicing/V-change — en-/em- (plus others, e.g. -en)
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